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Mar 12, 2017· and the consequences of extraction disasters [2,3]. Why is surface mining so destructive? Surface or strip mining damages and pollutes ecosystems to a great degree. This is because by definition the process of strip mining involves striping away trees, plants and topsoil so that the coal can be accessed underneath.
Coal Mining Methods Underground Mining Longwall & Room and Pillar Mining Longwall mining and room-and-pillar mining are the two basic methods of mining coal underground, with room-and-pillar being the traditional method in the United States. Both methods are well suited to extracting the relatively flat coalbeds (or coal seams) typical of
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, or reef, which forms the mineralized package of economic interest to the miner.. Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Mining is required to obtain any material that cannot ...
Surface mining, including strip mining, open-pit mining and mountaintop removal mining, is a broad category of mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit (the overburden) are removed, in contrast to underground mining, in which the overlying rock is left in place, and the mineral is removed through shafts or tunnels.
Jun 14, 2013· The most common surface mining technique is open-pit mining (Figure 1), where a commodity is extracted via an open pit in the ground. This is an extremely cost effect way of removing a resource because large quantities can be removed with minimal effort. Other surface techniques include quarrying and strip mining.
Methods of extraction The ... mountaintop removal or strip) mining methods. Opencast coal mining recovers a greater proportion of the coal deposit than underground methods, as more of the coal seams in the strata may be exploited. This equipment can include the following: Draglines which operate by removing the overburden, power shovels, large ...
Sub-surface mining can be classified according to the type of shafts used, the method of extraction or the technique used to reach the deposit. Drift mining uses horizontal access tunnels, diagonally sloping access shafts are used by slope mining, and shaft mining uses vertical access shafts.
Mar 08, 2018· These surface mining methods are considered to be more efficient and economical in extracting minerals as compared to most methods of underground mining. In fact, it can extract almost 90% of ore from a deposit. For this reason, surface mining is the most widely used method .
As opposed to underground mining in which the overlying rock and soil are left primarily intact and tunnels are dug, surface mining involves removing the top soil, called the overburden, in order to recover the minerals. The three most common types of surface mining are open-pit mining, strip mining.
Aug 12, 2013· In strip mining, instead of creating one large pit in the ground, long narrow strips are dug out. The overburden is removed and piled up along the strip. ... Extraction and Processing of Minerals ...
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Mountaintop removal is strip-mining on steroids. Massive dump trucks, huge bulldozers, and ten-story-high draglines can undo in months what geological processes took millions of years to build. Typically, multiple coal seams are exposed as a mountaintop-removal operation dismantles the .
Another factor that is considered when determining the economics of strip mining is the stripping ratio, which is the ratio of overburden thickness to coal seam thickness. Typically, the maximum stripping ratio that is economical is 20 to 1 [4]. The two general methods of strip mining are area mining and contour mining.
Conventional Methods of Surface Mining. Open-pit mining and strip mining are the two major categories of surface mining which account for more than 90% worldwide surface mining production. The primary differences between these mining methods are the location of the ore body and the mode of mechanical extraction.
Start studying Chapter 7: Surface mining, Mechanical Extraction methods. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
Jul 12, 2019· Area mining is appropriate for the extraction of near-surface, relatively flat-lying, and thin deposits of coal, phosphate, and similar minerals. Area mining usually progresses in a series of parallel deep trenches referred to as furrows or strips. The length of these strips may be hundreds of metres.
Surface Coal Mining Methods in Australia 5 2. Open cut mining methods strip mining Large-scale open cut coal mining operations commenced in Australia in mid 1960s and since then there has been significan t developments in this method of mining. The mines are now operating at significantly higher annual tonnages, growing deeper, more complex and
Apr 03, 2017· COAL MINING METHODS Surface Mining Method Strip mining Slice mining Horizon mining Underground Mining Method Bord & Pillar Longwall Method Shortwall Method Advancing Retreating 6. Surface MiningSurface Mining is used for about 40% of coal production in the world.
Nov 02, 2011· Topic 5: Mining Methods-Part I-Surface mining 1. Topic 5: Mining Methods Part I-Surface mining Hassan Z. Harraz hharraz2006@yahoo 2010- 2011 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in Power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course .
Coal mining - Coal mining - Choosing a mining method: The various methods of mining a coal seam can be classified under two headings, surface mining and underground mining. Surface and underground coal mining are broad activities that incorporate numerous variations in equipment and methods, and the choice of which method to use in extracting a coal seam depends on many .
Extraction of the coal may continue by auger mining methods. Generally, the undisturbed overburden then collapses into the empty auger holes, and some surface subsidence may occur. Prior to strict regulations, disposal of overburden during contour mining consisted of leaving the spoil scattered over the natural slope below the cut.
Sep 11, 2019· Press Release Surface Mining Market: Market Segmentation By Mining Method (Mountain Removal Mining, Open Pit Mining, Strip Mining and Others) | Goldcorp Inc., Barrick Gold Corporation & Coal India ...
The life cycle of mining begins with exploration, continues through production, and ends with closure and postmining land use. New technologies can benefit the mining industry and consumers in all stages of this life cycle. This report does not include downstream processing, such as smelting of ...
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